The Elizabethan and Stuart eras. Explanation: Initially, Shakespeare was writing during the reign of Elizabeth 1. However on her death in 1603 she was succeeded by James VI of Scotland and 1st of England.Four Periods of Shakespeare's Life. From Halleck's New English Literature by Reuben Post Halleck. (1) There was the sanguine period, showing the exuberance of youthful love and imagination. Among the plays that are typical of these years are The Comedy of Errors, A Midsummer Night's Dream...William Shakespeare was one of the greatest and famous writers of the world. Many people know and like his works but many facts of shakespeare's life are still unknown. In all Shakespeare wrote thirty seven plays.Shakespeare's plays are perhaps his most enduring legacy, but they are not all he wrote. Shakespeare's poems also remain popular to Records survive relating to William Shakespeare's family that offer an understanding of the context of Shakespeare's early life and the lives of his family...Shakespeare only partly lived in the Elizabethan era, which is named for Queen Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan era ended when she died in 1603, but Shakespeare continued to live for another thirteen years in the Jacobean era. William Shakespeare did indeed write a play called Julius Caesar.
A look at the four main periods of Shakespeare's life through his plays.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright who is considered one of the greatest writers to ever use the English language. After the year 1594, Shakespeare's plays were solely performed by a company owned by a group of actors known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which became...William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor of the Renaissance era. Shakespeare's early plays were written in the conventional style of the day, with elaborate Other scholars note that the term "second-best bed" often refers to the bed belonging to the household's...William Shakespeare (1564-1616). English poet and playwright - Shakespeare is widely considered to be the greatest writer in the English language. These later plays are considered Shakespeare's finest achievements. When writing an introduction to Shakespeare's First Folio of published plays in...William Shakespeare's plays belong to the Elizabethan era of English history. A time period also referred to as the English Renaissance for the increased prosperity and subsequent flourishing of the arts at the time. Many people view this as the Golden age in English history.
William Shakespeare (3) - Уильям Шекспир (3) - Texts for topics...
Английские оригиналы текстов, переведенных выше: William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Who exactly was he? Most of Shakespeare's plays were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, which could hold about 3,000 people.In Shakespeare's own time, the term "romance" would refer to what we call today an "action adventure" or rather: "The good guys v. the bad guys, and the good guys win." The satisfying triumph of the hero is what makes it different from a tragedy, which involves the downfall of the hero.William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was one of the greatest and famous writers in human history. William liked to watch them playing. He got fond of their profession and he decided to become an actor.William Shakespeare plays are of diverse nature and consist of comedies, tragedies, and historical plays. Bolingbroke attempts to make peace with Richard by requesting back his lands and riches to which Richard agrees. In a turn events Richard reluctantly hands over the throne to Bolingbroke who...William Shakespeare (Baptized April 26, 1564 - April 23, 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist. His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several shorter poems.
Jump to navigation Jump to seek This article is in regards to the poet and playwright. For different persons of the similar title, see William Shakespeare (disambiguation). For other makes use of of "Shakespeare", see Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William ShakespeareThe Chandos portrait (held by way of the National Portrait Gallery, London)BornStratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, EnglandBaptised26 April 1564Died23 April 1616 (aged 52)Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, EnglandResting positionChurch of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-AvonOccupationPlaywrightpoetactorYears activec. 1585–1613EraElizabethanJacobeanMovementEnglish RenaissanceSpouse(s)Anne Hathaway (m. 1582)ChildrenSusanna HallHamnet ShakespeareJudith QuineyFolksJohn Shakespeare (father)Mary Arden (mom)Signature
William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616)[a] was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely considered the best writer in the English language and the arena's biggest dramatist.[2][3][4] He is frequently called England's nationwide poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").[5][b] His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays,[c]154 sonnets, 3 lengthy narrative poems, and a few different verses, some of unsure authorship. His plays had been translated into each main living language and are carried out extra incessantly than the ones of another playwright.[7] They also continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three kids: Susanna and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful occupation in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a taking part in corporate called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later referred to as the King's Men. At age 49 (round 1613), he seems to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few data of Shakespeare's personal life live on; this has stimulated considerable hypothesis about such matters as his physical look, his sexuality, his religious ideals, and whether or not the works attributed to him have been written via others.[8][9][10]
Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613.[11][12][d] His early plays have been primarily comedies and histories and are thought to be one of the crucial very best paintings produced in those genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, amongst them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all thought to be to be the most effective works within the English language.[2][3][4] In the final segment of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (often referred to as romances) and collaborated with different playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays have been published in editions of various high quality and accuracy in his lifetime. However, in 1623, two fellow actors and pals of Shakespeare's, John Heminges and Henry Condell, printed a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous accrued version of Shakespeare's dramatic works that incorporated all however two of his plays.[13] The quantity was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Jonson presciently hailed Shakespeare in a now-famous quote as "not of an age, but for all time".[13]
Life
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare Early existenceWilliam Shakespeare used to be the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a a hit glover (glove-maker) initially from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning circle of relatives.[14] He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he used to be baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unknown, however is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day.[15] This date, which can be traced to a mistake made by an 18th-century student, has proved interesting to biographers as a result of Shakespeare died at the same date in 1616.[16][17] He was once the 1/3 of 8 children, and the eldest surviving son.[18]
John Shakespeare's space, believed to be Shakespeare's birthplace, in Stratford-upon-AvonAlthough no attendance information for the length continue to exist, maximum biographers agree that Shakespeare used to be almost certainly knowledgeable at the King's New School in Stratford,[19][20][21] a loose faculty chartered in 1553,[22] about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his house. Grammar colleges various in high quality right through the Elizabethan era, but grammar college curricula were in large part an identical: the fundamental Latin text was once standardised via royal decree,[23][24] and the varsity would have supplied an in depth training in grammar based upon Latin classical authors.[25]
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a wedding licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds ensuring that no lawful claims impeded the wedding.[26] The rite may have been organized in some haste for the reason that Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be learn once as an alternative of the standard three times,[27][28] and six months after the marriage Anne gave delivery to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.[29] Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed nearly two years later and had been baptised 2 February 1585.[30] Hamnet died of unknown causes on the age of eleven and was buried 11 August 1596.[31]
Shakespeare's coat of fingers, as apparently on the rough draft of the application to grant a coat-of-arms to John Shakespeare. It features a spear as a pun on the circle of relatives identify.[e]After the delivery of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical lines till he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the semblance of his title within the "complaints bill" of a legislation case prior to the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589.[32] Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years".[33] Biographers making an attempt to account for this era have reported many apocryphal tales. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching within the property of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare may be intended to have taken his revenge on Lucy through writing a scurrilous ballad about him.[34][35] Another 18th-century tale has Shakespeare starting his theatrical profession minding the horses of theatre patrons in London.[36]John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare have been a country schoolmaster.[37] Some Twentieth-century students advised that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster via Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a definite "William Shakeshafte" in his will.[38][39] Little proof substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his demise, and Shakeshafte was once a not unusual identify in the Lancashire space.[40][41]
London and theatrical careerIt is not recognized definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but recent allusions and data of performances show that several of his plays have been at the London level by 1592.[42] By then, he was once sufficiently known in London to be attacked in print by way of the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit:
... there's an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's cover, supposes he's as well ready to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.[43]
Scholars fluctuate on the actual meaning of Greene's words,[43][44] but most agree that Greene was once accusing Shakespeare of attaining above his rank in attempting to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").[45] The italicised word parodying the road "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, at the side of the pun "Shake-scene", obviously determine Shakespeare as Greene's goal. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, fairly than the extra commonplace "universal genius".[43][46]
Greene's attack is the earliest surviving point out of Shakespeare's work within the theatre. Biographers recommend that his profession may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just earlier than Greene's remarks.[47][48][49] After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were carried out most effective by means of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, together with Shakespeare, that quickly turned into the main taking part in company in London.[50] After the loss of life of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent through the new King James I, and altered its name to the King's Men.[51]
"All the world's a level, and all the men and women merely gamers: they have their exits and their entrances; and one guy in his time plays many parts ..."
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, 139–142[52]
In 1599, a partnership of participants of the company constructed their own theatre at the south financial institution of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the partnership additionally took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant data of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments point out that his affiliation with the company made him a wealthy man,[53] and in 1597, he purchased the second-largest area in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a proportion of the parish tithes in Stratford.[54]
Some of Shakespeare's plays have been revealed in 4to editions, beginning in 1594, and by way of 1598, his name had change into a promoting point and started to appear on the identify pages.[55][56][57] Shakespeare persevered to act in his personal and other plays after his luck as a playwright. The 1616 version of Ben Jonson's Works names him at the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603).[58] The absence of his identify from the 1605 solid listing for Jonson's Volpone is taken through some scholars as an indication that his performing career was once nearing its end.[47] The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as one among "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which had been first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know for sure which roles he played.[59] In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.[60] In 1709, Rowe handed down a convention that Shakespeare performed the ghost of Hamlet's father.[35] Later traditions handle that he additionally performed Adam in As You Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V,[61][62] although scholars doubt the resources of that information.[63]
Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the 12 months ahead of he purchased New Place as his circle of relatives house in Stratford, Shakespeare was residing in the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames.[64][65] He moved around the river to Southwark by way of 1599, the same yr his corporate constructed the Globe Theatre there.[64][66] By 1604, he had moved north of the river again, to a space north of St Paul's Cathedral with many superb properties. There, he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.[67][68]
Later years and loss of life Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-AvonRowe used to be the first biographer to file the custom, repeated via Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".[69][70] He used to be nonetheless running as an actor in London in 1608; in a solution to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that when buying the hire of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".[71] However, it's most likely relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London during 1609.[72][73] The London public playhouses have been repeatedly closed all through prolonged outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610),[74] which meant there was once continuously no appearing paintings. Retirement from all paintings was once unusual at that time.[75] Shakespeare endured to consult with London during the years 1611–1614.[69] In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court docket case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary.[76][77] In March 1613, he purchased a gatehouse within the former Blackfriars priory;[78] and from November 1614, he was in London for a number of weeks together with his son-in-law, John Hall.[79] After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613.[80] His ultimate 3 plays have been collaborations, more than likely with John Fletcher,[81] who succeeded him as the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre burned down right through the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.[80]
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.[f] He died within a month of signing his will, a report which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant fresh source explains how or why he died. Half a century later, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted",[82][83] not an inconceivable state of affairs since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his somewhat unexpected demise: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[84][g]
Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, the place Shakespeare was baptised and is buriedHe was once survived through his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607,[85] and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.[86] Shakespeare signed his remaining will and testomony on 25 March 1616; the following day, his new son-in-law, Thomas Quiney was discovered in charge of fathering an illegitimate son through Margaret Wheeler, who had died throughout childbirth. Thomas used to be ordered through the church court docket to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare circle of relatives.[86]
Shakespeare bequeathed the majority of his massive estate to his elder daughter Susanna[87] beneath conditions that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body".[88] The Quineys had 3 children, all of whom died with out marrying.[89][90] The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married two times but died without youngsters in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line.[91][92] Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was once almost definitely entitled to one-third of his estate routinely.[h] He did make some extent, on the other hand, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to a lot speculation.[94][95][96] Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others consider that the second-best mattress would were the matrimonial bed and due to this fact wealthy in significance.[97]
Shakespeare's grave, subsequent to those of Anne Shakespeare, his wife, and Thomas Nash, the husband of his granddaughterShakespeare used to be buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his demise.[98][99] The epitaph carved into the stone slab protecting his grave includes a curse towards transferring his bones, which used to be sparsely have shyed away from right through recovery of the church in 2008:[100]
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare,To digg the dvst encloased heare.Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones,And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.[101][i]
(Modern spelling: Good pal, for Jesus' sake forbear, / To dig the dust enclosed right here. / Blessed be the person that spares those stones, / And cursed be he that strikes my bones.)
Some time before 1623, a funerary monument used to be erected in his memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him within the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil.[102] In 1623, together with the publication of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving used to be printed.[103]
Shakespeare has been venerated in many statues and memorials all over the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.[104][105]
Plays
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays and William Shakespeare's collaborations Procession of Characters from Shakespeare's Plays by means of an unknown 19th-century artistMost playwrights of the period most often collaborated with others sooner or later, and critics agree that Shakespeare did the same, most commonly early and late in his profession.[106]
The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the 3 parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s all over a trend for ancient drama. Shakespeare's plays are tough to date precisely, then again,[107][108] and research of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period.[109][107] His first histories, which draw closely at the 1587 version of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland,[110] dramatise the harmful results of vulnerable or corrupt rule and feature been interpreted as a justification for the origins of the Tudor dynasty.[111] The early plays were influenced through the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, particularly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.[112][113][114]The Comedy of Errors was once also in keeping with classical fashions, however no supply for The Taming of the Shrew has been discovered, even though it's comparable to a separate play of the similar name and will have derived from a people story.[115][116] Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear to approve of rape,[117][118][119] the Shrew's story of the taming of a lady's unbiased spirit via a man from time to time troubles trendy critics, administrators, and audiences.[120]
Oberon, Titania and Puck with Fairies Dancing. By William Blake, c. 1786. Tate Britain.Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and actual comedian sequences, give manner in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of his maximum acclaimed comedies.[121]A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and comedian lowlife scenes.[122] Shakespeare's subsequent comedy, the similarly romantic Merchant of Venice, incorporates a portrayal of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which displays Elizabethan perspectives however might seem derogatory to trendy audiences.[123][124] The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing,[125] the charming rural environment of As You Like It, and the full of life merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's collection of significant comedies.[126] After the lyrical Richard II, written nearly fully in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into the histories of the past due 1590s, Henry IV, parts 1 and 2, and Henry V. His characters transform more complex and mushy as he switches deftly between comedian and critical scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative number of his mature work.[127][128][129] This length starts and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged formative years, love, and loss of life;[130][131] and Julius Caesar—in accordance with Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which presented a new kind of drama.[132][133] According to Shakespearean student James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other".[134]
Hamlet, Horatio, Marcellus, and the Ghost of Hamlet's Father. Henry Fuseli, 1780–1785. Kunsthaus Zürich.In the early seventeenth century, Shakespeare wrote the so-called "problem plays" Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and All's Well That Ends Well and quite a few his best recognized tragedies.[135][136] Many critics consider that Shakespeare's biggest tragedies constitute the height of his art. The titular hero of considered one of Shakespeare's biggest tragedies, Hamlet, has more than likely been discussed greater than every other Shakespearean character, particularly for his famous soliloquy which starts "To be or not to be; that is the question".[137] Unlike the introverted Hamlet, whose fatal flaw is hesitation, the heroes of the tragedies that adopted, Othello and King Lear, are undone by way of hasty mistakes of judgement.[138] The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies regularly hinge on such deadly mistakes or flaws, which overturn order and break the hero and those he loves.[139] In Othello, the villain Iago stokes Othello's sexual jealousy to the point where he murders the innocent wife who loves him.[140][141] In King Lear, the old king commits the tragic error of giving up his powers, initiating the events which lead to the torture and blinding of the Earl of Gloucester and the homicide of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia. According to the critic Frank Kermode, "the play...offers neither its good characters nor its audience any relief from its cruelty".[142][143][144] In Macbeth, the shortest and maximum compressed of Shakespeare's tragedies,[145] uncontrollable ambition incites Macbeth and his spouse, Lady Macbeth, to homicide the rightful king and usurp the throne till their own guilt destroys them in flip.[146] In this play, Shakespeare adds a supernatural component to the tragic construction. His final primary tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, contain a few of Shakespeare's best poetry and had been regarded as his most successful tragedies via the poet and critic T. S. Eliot.[147][148][149]
In his final length, Shakespeare turned to romance or tragicomedy and finished 3 more primary plays: Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest, as well as the collaboration, Pericles, Prince of Tyre. Less bleak than the tragedies, these four plays are graver in tone than the comedies of the 1590s, but they end with reconciliation and the forgiveness of potentially tragic mistakes.[150] Some commentators have seen this transformation in temper as proof of a extra serene view of lifestyles on Shakespeare's part, but it is going to simply reflect the theatrical fashion of the day.[151][152][153] Shakespeare collaborated on two further surviving plays, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen, most definitely with John Fletcher.[154]
Performances Main article: Shakespeare in performanceIt isn't clear for which companies Shakespeare wrote his early plays. The identify web page of the 1594 version of Titus Andronicus unearths that the play have been acted by way of 3 other troupes.[155] After the plagues of 1592–93, Shakespeare's plays were carried out by means of his own company at The Theatre and the Curtain in Shoreditch, north of the Thames.[156] Londoners flocked there to see the first part of Henry IV, Leonard Digges recording, "Let but Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, the rest ... and you scarce shall have a room".[157] When the corporate found themselves in dispute with their landlord, they pulled The Theatre down and used the timbers to assemble the Globe Theatre, the first playhouse constructed by actors for actors, at the south financial institution of the Thames at Southwark.[158][159] The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with Julius Caesar one of the crucial first plays staged. Most of Shakespeare's greatest post-1599 plays have been written for the Globe, including Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.[158][160][161]
The reconstructed Globe Theatre at the south bank of the River Thames in LondonAfter the Lord Chamberlain's Men have been renamed the King's Men in 1603, they entered a different courting with the new King James. Although the performance records are patchy, the King's Men carried out seven of Shakespeare's plays at courtroom between 1 November 1604, and 31 October 1605, including two performances of The Merchant of Venice.[62] After 1608, they performed at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre all through the iciness and the Globe all through the summer time.[162] The indoor atmosphere, mixed with the Jacobean type for lavishly staged masques, allowed Shakespeare to introduce more elaborate degree gadgets. In Cymbeline, for example, Jupiter descends "in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle: he throws a thunderbolt. The ghosts fall on their knees."[163][164]
The actors in Shakespeare's company incorporated the famous Richard Burbage, William Kempe, Henry Condell and John Heminges. Burbage played the leading role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, together with Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.[165] The in style comedian actor Will Kempe played the servant Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing, amongst other characters.[166][167] He was once changed round 1600 via Robert Armin, who played roles reminiscent of Touchstone in As You Like It and the fool in King Lear.[168] In 1613, Sir Henry Wotton recorded that Henry VIII "was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and ceremony".[169] On 29 June, alternatively, a cannon set hearth to the thatch of the Globe and burned the theatre to the bottom, an event which pinpoints the date of a Shakespeare play with uncommon precision.[169]
Textual sources Title page of the First Folio, 1623. Copper engraving of Shakespeare via Martin Droeshout.In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two of Shakespeare's pals from the King's Men, printed the First Folio, a collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. It contained 36 texts, including 18 published for the primary time.[170] Many of the plays had already seemed in quarto versions—flimsy books made out of sheets of paper folded two times to make four leaves.[171] No evidence suggests that Shakespeare licensed these editions, which the First Folio describes as "stol'n and surreptitious copies".[172] Nor did Shakespeare plan or be expecting his works to live on in any form in any respect; the ones works most probably would have faded into oblivion however for his pals' spontaneous concept, after his demise, to create and post the First Folio.[173]
Alfred Pollard termed some of the pre-1623 variations as "bad quartos" as a result of their adapted, paraphrased or garbled texts, which may in places had been reconstructed from reminiscence.[171][172][174] Where a number of versions of a play continue to exist, each differs from the other. The differences might stem from copying or printing mistakes, from notes via actors or target market individuals, or from Shakespeare's personal papers.[175][176] In some cases, for instance, Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida, and Othello, Shakespeare can have revised the texts between the quarto and folio editions. In the case of King Lear, however, whilst most modern editions do conflate them, the 1623 folio model is so other from the 1608 quarto that the Oxford Shakespeare prints them both, arguing that they can't be conflated with out confusion.[177]
Since 2004 a CD-ROM is available with the German Schlegel/Tieck-Translation and the English text. [178]
Poems
In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare printed two narrative poems on sexual themes, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. He devoted them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. In Venus and Adonis, an blameless Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous spouse Lucrece is raped via the lustful Tarquin.[179] Influenced by Ovid's Metamorphoses,[180] the poems show the guilt and ethical confusion that end result from out of control lust.[181] Both proved common and were ceaselessly reprinted right through Shakespeare's lifetime. A third narrative poem, A Lover's Complaint, in which a tender girl laments her seduction via a persuasive suitor, was once printed within the first version of the Sonnets in 1609. Most scholars now settle for that Shakespeare wrote A Lover's Complaint. Critics consider that its high quality qualities are marred through leaden results.[182][183][184]The Phoenix and the Turtle, printed in Robert Chester's 1601 Love's Martyr, mourns the deaths of the legendary phoenix and his lover, the faithful turtle dove. In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and One hundred forty four appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim, printed under Shakespeare's title however with out his permission.[182][184][185]
Sonnets Main article: Shakespeare's sonnets Title web page from 1609 version of Shake-Speares SonnetsPublished in 1609, the Sonnets had been the ultimate of Shakespeare's non-dramatic works to be revealed. Scholars are not sure when each and every of the 154 sonnets used to be composed, however evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets during his occupation for a private readership.[186][187] Even before the two unauthorised sonnets appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeare's "sugred Sonnets among his private friends".[188] Few analysts believe that the broadcast collection follows Shakespeare's meant sequence.[189] He seems to have deliberate two contrasting series: one about uncontrollable lust for a married woman of darkish complexion (the "dark lady"), and one about conflicted love for a good younger man (the "fair youth"). It remains unclear if those figures represent actual folks, or if the authorial "I" who addresses them represents Shakespeare himself, although Wordsworth believed that with the sonnets "Shakespeare unlocked his heart".[188][187]
"Shall I examine thee to a summer's day? Thou artwork extra beautiful and extra temperate ..."
—Lines from Shakespeare's Sonnet 18.[190]
The 1609 version was devoted to a "Mr. W.H.", credited as "the only begetter" of the poems. It is not identified whether or not this used to be written by means of Shakespeare himself or by means of the writer, Thomas Thorpe, whose initials seem on the foot of the determination web page; nor is it known who Mr. W.H. used to be, despite a lot of theories, or whether Shakespeare even accredited the publication.[191] Critics reward the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual interest, procreation, demise, and time.[192]
Style
Main article: Shakespeare's genreShakespeare's first plays were written within the typical genre of the day. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the desires of the characters or the drama.[193] The poetry is determined by extended, every now and then elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is regularly rhetorical—written for actors to declaim moderately than talk. The grand speeches in Titus Andronicus, within the view of some critics, incessantly hold up the motion, as an example; and the verse in The Two Gentlemen of Verona has been described as stilted.[194][195]
Pity via William Blake, 1795, Tate Britain, is a demonstration of two similes in Macbeth:"And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd Upon the sightless couriers of the air."[196]
However, Shakespeare soon began to adapt the traditional kinds to his personal functions. The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama. At the same time, Richard's vivid self-awareness seems to be ahead to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays.[197][198] No unmarried play marks a transformation from the traditional to the freer style. Shakespeare mixed the 2 throughout his occupation, with Romeo and Juliet possibly the most productive example of the mixing of the types.[199] By the time of Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night's Dream within the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry. He increasingly tuned his metaphors and photographs to the wishes of the drama itself.
Shakespeare's same old poetic shape used to be blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter. In apply, this intended that his verse used to be typically unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a rigidity on each moment syllable. The blank verse of his early plays is rather other from that of his later ones. It is regularly gorgeous, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish on the end of lines, with the risk of monotony.[200] Once Shakespeare mastered conventional clean verse, he began to interrupt and range its drift. This methodology releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays similar to Julius Caesar and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses it, for instance, to put across the turmoil in Hamlet's thoughts:[201]
Sir, in my middle there was one of those fighting That would no longer let me sleep. Methought I lay Worse than the mutines within the bilboes. Rashly— And prais'd be rashness for it—tell us Our indiscretion from time to time serves us well ...
— Hamlet, Act 5, Scene 2, 4–8[201]After Hamlet, Shakespeare numerous his poetic genre additional, in particular within the more emotional passages of the late tragedies. The literary critic A. C. Bradley described this genre as "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical".[202] In the final section of his occupation, Shakespeare adopted many tactics to reach those effects. These included run-on traces, abnormal pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence construction and length.[203] In Macbeth, as an example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to any other: "was the hope drunk/ Wherein you dressed yourself?" (1.7.35–38); "... pity, like a naked new-born babe/ Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd/ Upon the sightless couriers of the air ..." (1.7.21–25). The listener is challenged to whole the sense.[203] The past due romances, with their shifts in time and unexpected turns of plot, inspired a final poetic style in which long and brief sentences are set against one some other, clauses are piled up, topic and object are reversed, and phrases are ignored, growing an impact of spontaneity.[204]
Shakespeare blended poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre.[205] Like all playwrights of the time, he dramatised stories from assets comparable to Plutarch and Holinshed.[206] He reshaped every plot to create several centres of pastime and to display as many facets of a narrative to the target market as conceivable. This energy of design ensures that a Shakespeare play can survive translation, slicing and extensive interpretation with out loss to its core drama.[207] As Shakespeare's mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and extra varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech. He preserved sides of his earlier style within the later plays, then again. In Shakespeare's past due romances, he deliberately returned to a more artificial genre, which emphasized the semblance of theatre.[208][209]
Influence
Main article: Shakespeare's influence Macbeth Consulting the Vision of the Armed Head. By Henry Fuseli, 1793–1794. Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington.Shakespeare's paintings has made a lasting impact on later theatre and literature. In specific, he expanded the dramatic possible of characterisation, plot, language, and genre.[210] Until Romeo and Juliet, for instance, romance had no longer been viewed as a worthy matter for tragedy.[211]Soliloquies have been used principally to put across information about characters or occasions, however Shakespeare used them to explore characters' minds.[212] His work heavily influenced later poetry. The Romantic poets tried to revive Shakespearean verse drama, regardless that with little good fortune. Critic George Steiner described all English verse dramas from Coleridge to Tennyson as "feeble variations on Shakespearean themes."[213]
Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Charles Dickens. The American novelist Herman Melville's soliloquies owe a lot to Shakespeare; his Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick is a classic tragic hero, inspired by means of King Lear.[214] Scholars have identified 20,000 items of tune connected to Shakespeare's works. These include 3 operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Macbeth, Otello and Falstaff, whose vital standing compares with that of the source plays.[215] Shakespeare has also impressed many painters, together with the Romantics and the Pre-Raphaelites. The Swiss Romantic artist Henry Fuseli, a pal of William Blake, even translated Macbeth into German.[216] The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud drew on Shakespearean psychology, specifically, that of Hamlet, for his theories of human nature.[217]
In Shakespeare's day, English grammar, spelling, and pronunciation were much less standardised than they are now,[218] and his use of language assisted in shaping modern English.[219]Samuel Johnson quoted him more frequently than some other author in his A Dictionary of the English Language, the first severe paintings of its kind.[220] Expressions corresponding to "with bated breath" (Merchant of Venice) and "a foregone conclusion" (Othello) have found their way into everyday English speech.[221][222]
Shakespeare's affect extends far beyond his native England and the English language. His reception in Germany used to be specifically significant; as early as the 18th century Shakespeare used to be extensively translated and popularised in Germany, and steadily turned into a "classic of the German Weimar era;" Christoph Martin Wieland was the primary to produce whole translations of Shakespeare's plays in any language.[223][224] Actor and theatre director Simon Callow writes, "this master, this titan, this genius, so profoundly British and so effortlessly universal, each different culture – German, Italian, Russian – was obliged to respond to the Shakespearean example; for the most part, they embraced it, and him, with joyous abandon, as the possibilities of language and character in action that he celebrated liberated writers across the continent. Some of the most deeply affecting productions of Shakespeare have been non-English, and non-European. He is that unique writer: he has something for everyone."[225]
Critical reputation
Main articles: Shakespeare's popularity and Timeline of Shakespeare criticism "He was not of an age, but for all time."—Ben Jonson[226]
Shakespeare was now not revered in his lifetime, however he received a considerable amount of praise.[227][228] In 1598, the cleric and author Francis Meres singled him out from a gaggle of English playwrights as "the most excellent" in both comedy and tragedy.[229][230] The authors of the Parnassus plays at St John's College, Cambridge, numbered him with Chaucer, Gower, and Spenser.[231] In the First Folio, Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the "Soul of the age, the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage", even supposing he had remarked elsewhere that "Shakespeare wanted art" (lacked skill).[226]
Between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the tip of the seventeenth century, classical ideas were in vogue. As a consequence, critics of the time mostly rated Shakespeare underneath John Fletcher and Ben Jonson.[232]Thomas Rymer, for instance, condemned Shakespeare for blending the comedian with the tragic. Nevertheless, poet and critic John Dryden rated Shakespeare highly, pronouncing of Jonson, "I admire him, but I love Shakespeare".[233] For a number of many years, Rymer's view held sway; however right through the 18th century, critics started to respond to Shakespeare on his personal terms and acclaim what they termed his herbal genius. A chain of scholarly editions of his paintings, significantly those of Samuel Johnson in 1765 and Edmond Malone in 1790, added to his rising reputation.[234][235] By 1800, he used to be firmly enshrined as the nationwide poet.[236] In the 18th and 19th centuries, his reputation additionally spread in another country. Among those that championed him have been the writers Voltaire, Goethe, Stendhal, and Victor Hugo.[237][j]
A recently garlanded statue of William Shakespeare in Lincoln Park, Chicago, conventional of many created in the 19th and early 20th centuriesDuring the Romantic era, Shakespeare was once praised by means of the poet and literary thinker Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated his plays in the spirit of German Romanticism.[239] In the 19th century, important admiration for Shakespeare's genius steadily bordered on adulation.[240] "This King Shakespeare," the essayist Thomas Carlyle wrote in 1840, "does not he shine, in crowned sovereignty, over us all, as the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest of rallying signs; indestructible".[241] The Victorians produced his plays as lavish spectacles on a grand scale.[242] The playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw mocked the cult of Shakespeare worship as "bardolatry", claiming that the new naturalism of Ibsen's plays had made Shakespeare obsolete.[243]
The modernist revolution within the arts all through the early 20th century, a long way from discarding Shakespeare, eagerly enlisted his paintings within the service of the avant-garde. The Expressionists in Germany and the Futurists in Moscow mounted productions of his plays. Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht devised an epic theatre beneath the influence of Shakespeare. The poet and critic T.S. Eliot argued towards Shaw that Shakespeare's "primitiveness" actually made him truly trendy.[244] Eliot, along side G. Wilson Knight and the college of New Criticism, led a motion towards a closer reading of Shakespeare's imagery. In the Nineteen Fifties, a wave of new critical approaches changed modernism and cleared the path for "post-modern" studies of Shakespeare.[245] By the Eighties, Shakespeare research had been open to movements such as structuralism, feminism, New Historicism, African-American research, and queer research.[246][247] Comparing Shakespeare's accomplishments to the ones of leading figures in philosophy and theology, Harold Bloom wrote: "Shakespeare was larger than Plato and than St. Augustine. He encloses us because we see with his fundamental perceptions."[248]
Works
Further data: Shakespeare bibliography and Chronology of Shakespeare's plays Classification of the plays The Plays of William Shakespeare. By Sir John Gilbert, 1849.Shakespeare's works include the 36 plays revealed within the First Folio of 1623, indexed according to their folio classification as comedies, histories, and tragedies.[249] Two plays no longer integrated in the First Folio, The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre, at the moment are permitted as part of the canon, with today's students agreeing that Shakespeare made major contributions to the writing of each.[250][251] No Shakespearean poems had been integrated in the First Folio.
In the past due Nineteenth century, Edward Dowden categorised four of the late comedies as romances, and though many scholars desire to call them tragicomedies, Dowden's term is continuously used.[252][253] In 1896, Frederick S. Boas coined the term "problem plays" to describe 4 plays: All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and Hamlet.[254] "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote. "We may, therefore, borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare's problem plays."[255] The time period, much debated and now and again applied to different plays, remains in use, regardless that Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy.[256][257][258]
Speculation about Shakespeare
Authorship Main article: Shakespeare authorship questionAround 230 years after Shakespeare's loss of life, doubts started to be expressed concerning the authorship of the works attributed to him.[259] Proposed selection applicants include Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford.[260] Several "group theories" have additionally been proposed.[261] Only a small minority of lecturers imagine there may be reason why to question the standard attribution,[262] however passion within the topic, specifically the Oxfordian principle of Shakespeare authorship, continues into the twenty first century.[263][264][265]
Religion Main article: Religious views of William ShakespeareShakespeare conformed to the respectable state religion,[k] but his personal perspectives on faith have been the subject of debate. Shakespeare's will makes use of a Protestant formulation, and he used to be a confirmed member of the Church of England, where he was married, his kids were baptised, and the place he is buried. Some scholars claim that contributors of Shakespeare's circle of relatives have been Catholics, at a time when practising Catholicism in England was against the law.[267] Shakespeare's mom, Mary Arden, undoubtedly got here from a pious Catholic circle of relatives. The most powerful proof could be a Catholic statement of faith signed via his father, John Shakespeare, present in 1757 within the rafters of his former house in Henley Street. However, the report is now lost and scholars differ as to its authenticity.[268][269] In 1591, the authorities reported that John Shakespeare had overlooked church "for fear of process for debt", a common Catholic excuse.[270][271][272] In 1606, the title of William's daughter Susanna appears on a listing of those who failed to attend Easter communion in Stratford.[270][271][272] Other authors argue that there is a lack of evidence about Shakespeare's religious ideals. Scholars to find evidence each for and in opposition to Shakespeare's Catholicism, Protestantism, or lack of belief in his plays, however the reality may be inconceivable to end up.[273][274]
Sexuality Main article: Sexuality of William ShakespeareFew details of Shakespeare's sexuality are known. At 18, he married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, who was once pregnant. Susanna, the first of their three youngsters, was once born six months later on 26 May 1583. Over the centuries, some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical,[275] and level to them as evidence of his love for a young guy. Others read the similar passages because the expression of intense friendship somewhat than romantic love.[276][277][278] The 26 so-called "Dark Lady" sonnets, addressed to a married woman, are taken as evidence of hetero liaisons.[279]
Portraiture Main article: Portraits of ShakespeareNo written fresh description of Shakespeare's physical look survives, and no proof means that he ever commissioned a portrait, so the Droeshout engraving, which Ben Jonson licensed of as a good likeness,[280] and his Stratford monument supply in all probability the most productive proof of his appearance. From the 18th century, the desire for original Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that more than a few surviving photos depicted Shakespeare. That call for also led to the production of several pretend portraits, as well as misattributions, repaintings, and relabelling of portraits of folks.[281]
See also
Outline of William Shakespeare English Renaissance theatre Spelling of Shakespeare's identify World Shakespeare BibliographyNotes and references
Notes ^ Dates apply the Julian calendar, used in England all over Shakespeare's lifespan, however with the beginning of the yr adjusted to 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates). Under the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May.[1] ^ The "national cult" of Shakespeare, and the "bard" id, dates from September 1769, when the actor David Garrick organised a week-long carnival at Stratford to mark town council awarding him the freedom of town. In addition to presenting town with a statue of Shakespeare, Garrick composed a doggerel verse, lampooned within the London newspapers, naming the banks of the Avon as the birthplace of the "matchless Bard".[6] ^ The precise figures are unknown. See Shakespeare's collaborations and Shakespeare Apocrypha for further details. ^ Individual play dates and precise writing span are unknown. See Chronology of Shakespeare's plays for additional details. ^ The crest is a silver falcon supporting a spear, whilst the motto is Non Sanz Droict (French for "not without right"). This motto is still used by Warwickshire County Council, in reference to Shakespeare. ^ Inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument: AETATIS 53 DIE 23 APR (In his 53rd yr he died 23 April). ^ Verse by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio.[84] ^ Charles Knight, 1842, in his notes on Twelfth Night.[93] ^ In the scribal abbreviations ye for the (3rd line) and yt for that (third and 4th strains) the letter y represents th: see thorn. ^ Grady cites Voltaire's Philosophical Letters (1733); Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795); Stendhal's two-part pamphlet Racine et Shakespeare (1823–25); and Victor Hugo's prefaces to Cromwell (1827) and William Shakespeare (1864).[238] ^ For instance, A.L. Rowse, the Twentieth-century Shakespeare student, was once emphatic: "He died, as he had lived, a conforming member of the Church of England. His will made that perfectly clear—in facts, puts it beyond dispute, for it uses the Protestant formula."[266] References ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. xv. ^ a b Greenblatt 2005, p. 11. ^ a b Bevington 2002, pp. 1–3. ^ a b Wells 1997, p. 399. ^ Dobson 1992, pp. 185–186. ^ McIntyre 1999, pp. 412–432. ^ Craig 2003, p. 3. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. xvii–xviii. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, pp. 41, 66, 397–398, 402, 409. ^ Taylor 1990, pp. 145, 210–223, 261–265. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 270–271. ^ Taylor 1987, pp. 109–134. ^ a b Greenblatt & Abrams 2012, p. 1168. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 14–22. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 24–26. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 24, 296. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 15–16. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 23–24. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 62–63. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 53. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. xv–xvi. ^ Baldwin 1944, p. 464. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 179–180, 183. ^ Cressy 1975, pp. 28–29. ^ Baldwin 1944, p. 117. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 77–78. ^ Wood 2003, p. 84. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 78–79. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 93. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 94. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 224. ^ Bate 2008, p. 314. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 95. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 97–108. ^ a b Rowe 1709. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 144–145. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 110–111. ^ Honigmann 1999, p. 1. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xvii. ^ Honigmann 1999, pp. 95–117. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 97–109. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 287, 292. ^ a b c Greenblatt 2005, p. 213. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 153. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 176. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 151–153. ^ a b Wells 2006, p. 28. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 144–146. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 59. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 184. ^ Chambers 1923, pp. 208–209. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. 666. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 67–71. ^ Bentley 1961, p. 36. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 188. ^ Kastan 1999, p. 37. ^ Knutson 2001, p. 17. ^ Adams 1923, p. 275. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 200. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 200–201. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 357. ^ a b Wells et al. 2005, p. xxii. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 202–203. ^ a b Hales 1904, pp. 401–402. ^ Honan 1998, p. 121. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 122. ^ Honan 1998, p. 325. ^ Greenblatt 2005, p. 405. ^ a b Ackroyd 2006, p. 476. ^ Wood 1806, pp. ix–x, lxxii. ^ Smith 1964, p. 558. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 477. ^ Barroll 1991, pp. 179–182. ^ Bate 2008, pp. 354–355. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 382–383. ^ Honan 1998, p. 326. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 462–464. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 272–274. ^ Honan 1998, p. 387. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, p. 279. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 375–378. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 78. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 453. ^ a b Kinney 2012, p. 11. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 287. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 292–294. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 304. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 395–396. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 8, 11, 104. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 296. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 7, 9, 13. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 289, 318–319. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 275. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 483. ^ Frye 2005, p. 16. ^ Greenblatt 2005, pp. 145–146. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 301–303. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 306–307. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xviii. ^ BBC News 2008. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 306. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 308–310. ^ Cooper 2006, p. 48. ^ Westminster Abbey n.d. ^ Southwark Cathedral n.d. ^ Thomson 2003, p. 49. ^ a b Frye 2005, p. 9. ^ Honan 1998, p. 166. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 159–161. ^ Dutton & Howard 2003, p. 147. ^ Ribner 2005, pp. 154–155. ^ Frye 2005, p. 105. ^ Ribner 2005, p. 67. ^ Bednarz 2004, p. 100. ^ Honan 1998, p. 136. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 166. ^ Frye 2005, p. 91. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 116–117. ^ Werner 2001, pp. 96–100. ^ Friedman 2006, p. 159. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 235. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 161–162. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 205–206. ^ Honan 1998, p. 258. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 359. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 362–383. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 150. ^ Gibbons 1993, p. 1. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 356. ^ Wood 2003, p. 161. ^ Honan 1998, p. 206. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 353, 358. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 151–153. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 151. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 85. ^ Muir 2005, pp. 12–16. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 94. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 86. ^ Bradley 1991, pp. 40, 48. ^ Bradley 1991, pp. 42, 169, 195. ^ Greenblatt 2005, p. 304. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 226. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 423. ^ Kermode 2004, pp. 141–142. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 43–46. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 306. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 444. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 69–70. ^ Eliot 1934, p. 59. ^ Dowden 1881, p. 57. ^ Dowden 1881, p. 60. ^ Frye 2005, p. 123. ^ McDonald 2006, p. 15. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. 1247, 1279. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xx. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xxi. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 16. ^ a b Foakes 1990, p. 6. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 125–131. ^ Nagler 1958, p. 7. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 131–132. ^ Foakes 1990, p. 33. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 454. ^ Holland 2000, p. xli. ^ Ringler 1997, p. 127. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 210. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 341. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 247–249. ^ a b Wells et al. 2005, p. 1247. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xxxvii. ^ a b Wells et al. 2005, p. xxxiv. ^ a b Pollard 1909, p. xi. ^ Mays & Swanson 2016. ^ Maguire 1996, p. 28. ^ Bowers 1955, pp. 8–10. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. xxxiv–xxxv. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. 909, 1153. ^ Shakespeare, complete works, English & German. ISBN 978-3-89853-461-1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShakespeare,_complete_works,_English_&_German._ISBN_978-3-89853-461-1 (help) ^ Roe 2006, p. 21. ^ Frye 2005, p. 288. ^ Roe 2006, pp. 3, 21. ^ a b Roe 2006, p. 1. ^ Jackson 2004, pp. 267–294. ^ a b Honan 1998, p. 289. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 327. ^ Wood 2003, p. 178. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, p. 180. ^ a b Honan 1998, p. 180. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 268. ^ Mowat & Werstine n.d. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 268–269. ^ Wood 2003, p. 177. ^ Clemen 2005a, p. 150. ^ Frye 2005, pp. 105, 177. ^ Clemen 2005b, p. 29. ^ de Sélincourt 1909, p. 174. ^ Brooke 2004, p. 69. ^ Bradbrook 2004, p. 195. ^ Clemen 2005b, p. 63. ^ Frye 2005, p. 185. ^ a b Wright 2004, p. 868. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 91. ^ a b McDonald 2006, pp. 42–46. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 36, 39, 75. ^ Gibbons 1993, p. 4. ^ Gibbons 1993, pp. 1–4. ^ Gibbons 1993, pp. 1–7, 15. ^ McDonald 2006, p. 13. ^ Meagher 2003, p. 358. ^ Chambers 1944, p. 35. ^ Levenson 2000, pp. 49–50. ^ Clemen 1987, p. 179. ^ Steiner 1996, p. 145. ^ Bryant 1998, p. 82. ^ Gross 2003, pp. 641–642. ^ Paraisz 2006, p. 130. ^ Bloom 1995, p. 346. ^ Cercignani 1981. ^ Crystal 2001, pp. 55–65, 74. ^ Wain 1975, p. 194. ^ Johnson 2002, p. 12. ^ Crystal 2001, p. 63. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"How Shakespeare was turned into a German". DW.com. 22 April 2016. ^ "Unser Shakespeare: Germans' mad obsession with the Bard". The Local. 22 April 2016. ^ "Simon Callow: What the Dickens? Well, William Shakespeare was the greatest after all..." The Independent. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ a b Jonson 1996, p. 10. ^ Dominik 1988, p. 9. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 267. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 265. ^ Greer 1986, p. 9. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 266. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 269. ^ Dryden 1889, p. 71. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 270–272. ^ Levin 1986, p. 217. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 270. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 272–74. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 272–274. ^ Levin 1986, p. 223. ^ Sawyer 2003, p. 113. ^ Carlyle 1841, p. 161. ^ Schoch 2002, pp. 58–59. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 276. ^ Grady 2001a, pp. 22–26. ^ Grady 2001a, p. 24. ^ Grady 2001a, p. 29. ^ Drakakis 1985, pp. 16–17, 23–25. ^ Bloom 2008, p. xii. ^ Boyce 1996, pp. 91, 193, 513.. ^ Kathman 2003, p. 629. ^ Boyce 1996, p. 91. ^ Edwards 1958, pp. 1–10. ^ Snyder & Curren-Aquino 2007. ^ Schanzer 1963, pp. 1–10. ^ Boas 1896, p. 345. ^ Schanzer 1963, p. 1. ^ Bloom 1999, pp. 325–380. ^ Berry 2005, p. 37. ^ Shapiro 2010, pp. 77–78. ^ Gibson 2005, pp. 48, 72, 124. ^ McMichael & Glenn 1962, p. 56. ^ The New York Times 2007. ^ Kathman 2003, pp. 620, 625–626. ^ Love 2002, pp. 194–209. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, pp. 430–440. ^ Rowse 1988, p. 240. ^ Pritchard 1979, p. 3. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 75–78. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 22–23. ^ a b Wood 2003, p. 78. ^ a b Ackroyd 2006, p. 416. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 41–42, 286. ^ Wilson 2004, p. 34. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 167. ^ Lee 1900, p. 55. ^ Casey 1998. ^ Pequigney 1985. ^ Evans 1996, p. 132. ^ Fort 1927, pp. 406–414. ^ Cooper 2006, pp. 48, 57. ^ Schoenbaum 1981, p. 190.Sources
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Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his personal time William Shakespeare at the Encyclopædia Britannica Winston Churchill & Shakespeare - UK Parliament Living Heritage Internet Shakespeare Editions Folger Digital Texts Open Source Shakespeare entire works, with seek engine and concordance First Four Folios at Miami University Library, virtual collection The Shakespeare Quartos Archive Shakespeare's sonnets, poems, and texts at Poets.org Shakespeare's Words the web version of the most productive promoting thesaurus and language better half Shakespeare and Music Shakespeare's Will from The National Archives Works through William Shakespeare set to music: unfastened scores in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust William Shakespeare at IMDb Works by means of William Shakespeare at Project Gutenberg Works by means of or about William Shakespeare at Internet Archive Works via William Shakespeare at LibriVox (public area audiobooks) Discovering Literature: Shakespeare at the British Library Excavation unearths early Shakespeare theatre William Shakespeare at the British Library "Shakespeare and Literary Criticism", BBC Radio Four discussion with Harold Bloom and Jacqueline Rose (In Our Time, 4 March 1999). "Shakespeare's Work" BBC Radio Four discussion with Frank Kermode, Michael Bagdanov and Germaine Greer (In Our Time, 11 May 2000). "Shakespeare's Life", BBC Radio 4 dialogue with Katherine Duncan-Jones, John Sutherland and Grace Ioppolo (In Our Time, 15 March 2001). Records on Shakespeare's Theatre Legacy from the UK Parliamentary Collections Newspaper clippings about William Shakespeare in the Twentieth Century Press Archives of the ZBWvteWilliam ShakespearePlaysComedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre ✻ The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen ✻ The Winter's TaleTragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and CressidaHistories King John Edward III ✻ Richard II Henry IV 1 2 Henry V Henry VI 1 ✻ 2 3 Richard III Henry VIII ✻Early editions Quarto publications First Folio Second FolioSee also Problem plays Late romances Henriad Characters A–Ok L–Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings ScenesPoems Shakespeare's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and AdonisApocryphaPlays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio ✻ Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love's Labour's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More ✻ The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Ur-Hamlet Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire TragedyPoems The Passionate Pilgrim To the QueenLifeand works Birthplace Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Collaborations Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain's Men/King's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious perspectives Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford-upon-Avon Style Will GraveLegacy Attribution studies Authorship query Bardolatry Festivals Gardens Influence Memorials Screen variations Shakespeare and Star Trek Titles of works taken from ShakespeareInstitutions Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Royal Shakespeare Company Royal Shakespeare Theatre Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Shakespeare's Globe (replica) Family Anne Hathaway (spouse) Susanna Hall (daughter) Hamnet Shakespeare (son) Judith Quiney (daughter) Elizabeth Barnard (granddaughter) John Shakespeare (father) Mary Arden (mom) Gilbert Shakespeare (brother) Joan Shakespeare (sister) Edmund Shakespeare (brother) Richard Shakespeare (grandfather) John Hall (son-in-law) Thomas Quiney (son-in-law) Thomas Nash (grandson-in-law) ✻ Shakespeare and other authors LostCategory WikiProject Links to similar articles vteEarly editions of William Shakespeare's worksFolios and quartos Foul papers List of Shakespeare plays in quarto Quarto Folio Bad 4to First Quarto First Folio Second Folio False FolioEarly editors John Heminges Henry Condell Edward KnightPublishers Robert Allot William Aspley John Benson Edward Blount Cuthbert Burby Nathaniel Butter Philip Chetwinde Richard Hawkins Henry Herringman William Leake Richard Meighen Thomas Millington Thomas Pavier John Smethwick Thomas Thorpe Thomas Walkley John Waterson Andrew WisePrinters Edward Allde Thomas Cotes Thomas Creede George Eld Richard Field William Jaggard Augustine Matthews Nicholas Okes James Roberts Peter Short Valentine Simmes William Stansby Shakespearean tragedy vteWilliam Shakespeare's Antony and CleopatraCharacters Mark Antony Octavius Caesar Lepidus Cleopatra Sextus Pompey Domitius Enobarbus Ventidius Canidius Scarus Octavia Maecenas Agrippa Taurus Dolabella Gallus Menas CharmianSources Parallel LivesStage adaptations The False One (c.1620) All for Love (1677)Opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966)On display screen 1908 1913 1959 (TV) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) 1972 1974 (TV) 1981 (TV) Zulfiqar (2016; film)Related List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) Category vteWilliam Shakespeare's CoriolanusCharactersHistorical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Junius Brutus Tullus AufidiusFictional Volumnia VirgiliaSources Roman Antiquities Parallel Lives Ab Urbe Condita Policraticus A Mervalious Combat of Contrarieties (William Averell)Adaptations Coriolanus (1953) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1984; TV) Coriolanus (2011)Related Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies (2007) vteWilliam Shakespeare's CymbelineCharacters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus JupiterSources Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) The Decameron (c. 1353) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)Adaptations Cymbeline (1982; TV) Cymbeline (2014)Related Shakespeare's past due romances Philaster (c.1609) Deus ex machina Milford Haven vteWilliam Shakespeare's HamletCharacters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers YorickSoliloquies "To be, or not to be" "Mortal coil" "What a piece of work is a man" "Speak the speech"Words and words "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" "Thy name is"Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity SubstitutionSourcesCriticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and PythiasInfluence Common words from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of vegetation Human skull symbolismPerformances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964)On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2011AdaptationsFilms The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018)Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) Ophelia's Revenge (2003) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008)Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991)Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973)Television Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009)Parodies 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet "Lyle the Kindly Viking" To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure "Tales from the Public Domain" The Skinhead HamletSongs "My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone" (sixteenth century) "Pull Me Under" (1992) "Song for Athene" (1997)Opera/classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean)Story inside of a taleFilms To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (2012)Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008)Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) "The Undiscovered" (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007)Television "The Producer" (1966) "The Conscience of the King" (1966) "Born to Be King" (1983) "Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow" (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003)Art Ophelia Affe mit SchädelVideo game Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010)Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe's HavocRelated Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber "Symphony No. 65" (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy vteWilliam Shakespeare's Julius CaesarSources Parallel LivesScreendiversifications Julius Caesar (1914 film) Julius Caesar (1950 movie) Julius Caesar (1953 film) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) Julius Caesar (1970 movie) BBC Television Shakespeare (TV) Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (TV)Inspired work La morte di Cesare (1788) The Assassination of Julius Caesar (Sullivan) Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907) Caesar (1937) Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959) Dead Caesar (2007) The Karaoke King (2007) Roman Tragedies (2007) Julius Caesar (overture, 1851) Zulfiqar (2016)Quotes "The dogs of war" "Et tu, Brute?" "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" "Greek to me"Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles (2008) Caesar Must Die (2012) Category vteWilliam Shakespeare's King LearCharacters King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund The FoolSources Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) The Mirror for Magistrates (1555) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) King Leir (1594) "Water and Salt"Related Llŷr Leir of Britain Cordelia of BritainAdaptationsPlays The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) King Lear (1978)Novels La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009)Operas Re Lear (Libretto simplest) (1896) Lear (1978) Vision of Lear (1998) Kuningas Lear (2000)Films King Lear (1910) King Lear (1916) Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) Gypsy Lore (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) Second Generation (2003)Television King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King of Texas (2002) King Lear (2008) King Lear (2018)Story inside of a story The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 movie) The Dresser (2015 movie)Other Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) vteWilliam Shakespeare's MacbethCharacters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff's son Third Murderer Young SiwardInspirations Macbeth, King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward, Earl of Northumbria King James VI and ISources Daemonologie (1597) The Witch (play) Holinshed's Chronicles DarraðarljóðFilm 1908 1909 (French) 1909 (Italian) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 1971 2006 2015 Upcoming UncompletedTelevision 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1982 1983 1992 2005 2010TV / movie adaptations The Real Thing at Last (1916) Marmayogi (1951) Joe MacBeth (1955) Throne of Blood (1957) Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987) Men of Respect (1990) Scotland, PA (2001) Makibefo (2001) Maqbool (2003) The Last King of Scotland (2006) Shakespeare Must Die (2012) Veeram (2016) Joji (2021)Plays Khwab-e-Hasti (1909) Voodoo Macbeth (1936) MacBird! (1967) uMabatha (1970) Macbett (1972) Cahoot's Macbeth (1979) MacHomer (1995) Sleep No More (2009) Dunsinane (2010) Sleep No More (2011) Just Macbeth!Operas Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch)Literary variations Wyrd Sisters (1988) The Last King of Scotland (1998) Macbeth (2018)Albums Music from Macbeth (1972) Macbeth (1990) Thane to the Throne (2000) Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003) Lady Macbeth (2005)Art Pity (1795) The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889) Lady Macbeth (1905 sculpture)Scenes and speeches "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" (1823) Sleepwalking Scene (5.1) "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow"Words and words "What's done is done" "Crack of doom" "Strange but true" The Scottish Play Thane of CawdorStory inside of a story We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair "The Movies" "Sleeping with the Enemy" "The Shower Principle" Mécanisme de l. a. physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & HareEpisodes "A Witch's Tangled Hare" (1959, Looney Tunes) "The Bellero Shield" (1964, The Outer Limits) "Sense and Senility" (1987, Blackadder the Third) "The Coup" (2006, The Office) "Dial "N" for Nerder" (2008, The Simpsons) "Four Great Women and a Manicure" (2009, The Simpsons) "The Understudy" (2014, Inside No. 9)Other Macbeth (Strauss) The Scottish Play Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Beethoven) The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards (UK, 1990) House of Cards (US, 2013–2018) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Othello* Characters Othello Desdemona Iago Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo BrabantioSource Della descrittione dell'Africa (1550) by way of Leo Africanus "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by way of CintioStageadaptations The Duke of Milan (1623) Love's Sacrifice (1633) Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Desdemona (2011)Opera and balletadaptations Otello (Rossini) (1816; opera) Otello (1887; opera) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet rating) Bandanna (1999; opera)Films 1922 1951 1955 1965 1995TV 1964 Australia 1981 1990 1994 2001Filmdiversifications Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008)From Verdi Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; movie) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album)Paintings OthelloPhrases "Beast with two backs"Related Othello error Filming OthelloStory withina tale Carnival (1921 movie) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) Goodnight Desdemona (1988) An Imaginary Tale (1990) Red Velvet (2012 play) The Dresser (2015 movie)Related Cultural references to Othello vteWilliam Shakespeare's Romeo and JulietCharacters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab AtomySources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde EphesiacaBallets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher)Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de l. a. Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) & Juliet (2019)Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 1968 BBC 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013FilmdiversificationsEnglish Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) Romanoff and Juliet (1961) West Side Story (1961) Gonks Go Beat (1965) Lonesome Cowboys (1968) Romie-Zero and Julie-8 (TV; 1979) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982) Valley Girl (1983) Bullies (1986) China Girl (1987) Romeo.Juliet (1990) Tromeo and Juliet (1996) Love Is All There Is (1996) Rose by Any Other Name... (1997) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999) Romeo Must Die (2000) Brooklyn Babylon (2001) Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005) West Bank Story (2005) Life and Lyrics (2006) Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006) Rome & Jewel (2006) David & Fatima (2008) The Cross Road (2008) Vicious Circle (2008) Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) Private Romeo (2011) Warm Bodies (2013) Make Your Move (2013) Romeo & Juliet (2013) R#J (2021) West Side Story (2021) Die in a Gunfight (TBA)Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) Saudagar (1991) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002) Bollywood Queen (2002) Ishaqzaade (2012) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013) Issaq (2013)TeluguMaro Charitra (1978) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996) Kalisundam Raa (2000) Maro Charitra (2010)Spanish Romeo and Juliet (1940) Los Tarantos (1963) 30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995) Amar te duele (2002) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid (1967) Ma che musica maestro (1971)Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005)Other Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937) The Lovers Of Verona (French 1949) Ambikapathy (Tamil 1957) Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960) Keyamat Theke Keyamat (Bengali 1993) The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995) Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000) Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003) Mamay (Ukrainian 2003) The District! (Hungarian 2004) In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006) The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006) Priyatama (Marathi 2014) Arshinagar (Bengali 2015) Eeda (Malayalam 2017) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)TV series Sons and Daughters (1982) Family and Friends (1990) Villa Quintana (1995) Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team (1996) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998) Skin (2003) A Touch Away (2006) Dangerous (2007) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Saints & Sinners (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Villa Quintana (2013) Westside (2013 pilot) Star-Crossed (2014) Still Star-Crossed (2017)Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) People's Romeo (2010) Romeo and Juliet (2013)Songs Lan và Điệp (Thirties) "Montagues and Capulets" (1935) "Fever" (1956) "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet" (1968) "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976) "Angelo" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1981) "Cherish" (1989) "Ranjana" (1994) "Amor Prohibido" (1994) "Kissing You" (1996) "Starcrossed" (2004) "Peut-être toi" (2006) "Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007) "Love Story" (2008) "Love Me Again" "Laal Ishq" "Mor Bani Thanghat Kare" "Nagada Sang Dhol" "Ram Chahe Leela" (2013)Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008)Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) The Destruction of Faena (1989) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010)Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) Romeo and Juliet (1978)Phrases "Star-crossed" "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"Story withina tale Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 movie 1980 play 2001 movie 2002 movie The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 movie 1917 film 1918 movie 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 movie Harlequinade W Juliet "Nothing Broken but My Heart" Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady "Moonshine River" Rendez-vous Fame "I Am Unicorn" The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds "The Thief of Baghead" The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night "Say You'll Be Mine" Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son Okay-On!Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet impact Romeo and Juliet regulations After Juliet "Upper West Side Story" (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock GnomesBook:Romeo and Juliet vteWilliam Shakespeare's Timon of AthensCharacters Timon Alcibiades ApemantusSources Palace of Pleasure (1566)Adaptations Timon (1973) Timon of Athens (1981)Revisions The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1677)Related Thomas Middleton vteWilliam Shakespeare's Titus AndronicusCharacters Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus LuciusSources Ab Urbe Condita (c.26 BC) Metamorphoses (c.AD 8) Thyestes (first century AD) Gesta Romanorum (past due 0.33 century AD)Adaptations Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) "Scott Tenorman Must Die" (2001; TV) The Hungry (2017)Related Peacham drawing Authorship query Themes "Titus Andronicus' Complaint" George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Troilus and CressidaCharactersTrojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas HelenGreeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites MyrmidonsSources Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of TroyeAdaptations The Face of Love (1954, TV) Troilus and Cressida (1981, TV)Related Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean downside play Shakespearean comedy vteWilliam Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends WellCharacters Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana MarianaSources The Decameron (c.1353) Palace of Pleasure (1566)Adaptations All's Well That Ends Well (1981; TV)Related Shakespearean drawback play Diana Alazôn Bed trick vteWilliam Shakespeare's As You Like ItCharacters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques TouchstoneScreen 1912 1936 Sollu Thambi Sollu (1959) 1978 (TV) 1994 (TV) 2006Related "All the world's a stage" vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Comedy of ErrorsCharacters Antipholus of Syracuse Antipholus of Ephesus Dromio of Syracuse Dromio of Ephesus Adriana Luciana Egeon Emilia SolinusSources Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of TyreOpera and musicals Gli equivoci (1786) The Boys from Syracuse (1938) Pozdvižení v Efesu (1943) The Comedy of Errors (1976) The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000)Film/TV The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Bhranti Bilas (1963) Do Dooni Char (1968) Angoor (1982) The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV) Big Business (1988) Ulta Palta (1997) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) Dam Dama Dam (1998) Ulta Palta (1998) Heeralal Pannalal (1999) Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu (2005) Double Di Trouble (2014)Related Classical unities Gesta Grayorum (1688) The Flying Karamazov Brothers vteWilliam Shakespeare's Love's Labour's LostCharacters King Ferdinand of Navarre Lord Berowne Lord Longaville Lord Dumaine Princess of France Lady Rosaline Lady Maria Lady Katharine Boyet Don Adriano de Armado Moth Sir Nathaniel Holofernes Dull Costard Jaquenetta MarcadéAdaptations Love's Labor Lost (animated; 1920) Love's Labour's Lost (opera; 1973) Love's Labour's Lost (TV; 1985) Love's Labour's Lost (movie; 2000)Related Love's Labour's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess (poem; 1847) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Measure for MeasureCharacters AngeloSources Hecatommithi by Cinthio Promos and Cassandra by George WhetstoneTheatrical Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Das Liebesverbot (1834) Round Heads and Pointed Heads (1936) Desperate Measures (2004)Film Adaptations Measure for Measure (1943) Measure for Measure (1979; TV)Related Thomas Middleton Mariana (Tennyson) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean problem play Mariana (Millais) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Merchant of VeniceCharacters Shylock Antonio Portia JessicaSources Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of MaltaOn display screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock (1940) 1953 1961 1969 1980 (TV) 2004Music Incidental music: Shylock (1889) Opera: Le marchand de Venise (1935); The Merchant of Venice (1982) Musical: Shylock (1987)Adaptations Serenade to Music (1938) The Merchant (1976) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002)Related "All that glitters is not gold" "Between you and I" "The quality of mercy" vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of WindsorCharacters Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal NymFilm/Television The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1982; TV)Opera/Musical Falstaff (1799) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) Falstaff (1893) Sir John in Love (1929) Lone Star Love (2004)Related "You Banbury cheese!" vteWilliam Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's DreamCharactersLovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and DemetriusMechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout SnugOthers Puck Egeus PhilostrateProductionsFilm 1935 1959 1968 1999 2017Television 1969 1981 1992 2016Stage 1970AdaptationsFilm A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent) Wood Love (1925) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) Strange Magic (2015)Literature A Midsummer Tempest (1974) Lords and Ladies (1992) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) The Great Night (2011)Music A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) Wedding March (1842, Mendelssohn) Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004)Opera The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011)Stage The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque) St. John's Eve (1852, play) The Park (1983, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical)Comics The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Auberon Faerie TitaniaArt Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream Titania and BottomBallet A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964)Television "Fascination" (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told) A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017)Related Love-in-idleness Pyramus and Thisbe (8 CE) Dead Poets Society (1989) The Apartment (1996) Wicker Park (2004) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Much Ado About NothingCharacters Beatrice Don Pedro DogberryAdaptationsScreen 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012Opera Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901)Musical Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005)Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Dil Chahta Hai (2001) Imogen Says Nothing (2017)Related Dogberryism "Curiosity killed the cat" Pleaching vteWilliam Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of TyreCharacters John Gower DianaSources Confessio Amantis (1390) The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576)Adaptations Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV)Related George Wilkins Shakespeare's past due romances Shakespeare apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio) First water The Porpoise vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Taming of the ShrewCharacters Kate Petruchio Bianca Minola Christopher SlyStage variations The Woman's Prize (c1611) Catharine and Petruchio (1754) Las bravías (1896) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872) Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927) Kiss Me, Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew (1953) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957) Christopher Sly (1963)Direct diversifications 1908 1929 1962 (TV) 1967 1980 (TV) 1994 (TV)Other diversifications Daring Youth (1924) You Made Me Love You (1933) Second Best Bed (1938) The Taming of the Shrew (1942) Enamorada (1946) Kiss Me Kate (1953) Abba Aa Hudugi (1959) Gundamma Katha (1962) Manithan Maravillai (1962) McLintock! (1963) Arivaali (1963) Kiss Me Kate (1968) Pattikada Pattanama (1972) Il Bisbetico Domato (1980) Nanjundi Kalyana (1989) Banarasi Babu (1997) 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV) Deliver Us from Eva (2003) The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV) Frivolous Wife (2008) 10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV) Isi Life Mein...! (2010)Related The Taming of the Shrew in efficiency The Taming of the Shrew on display Shrew (stock personality) Vinegar Girl (2016) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The TempestCharacters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo StephanoSources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne's Essays Ovid's Metamorphoses Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea ChallengeFilms 1908 1911 1960 1963 1979 1980 1992 2010AdaptationsMusic Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) "Don't Pay the Ferryman" (1982)Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998)Painting Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c, 1736-1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by way of Ariel (1850, Millais)Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet AmalunaPlays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008)Opera The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams)Poetry andprose fiction "Caliban upon Setebos" (Browning) "The Sea and the Mirror" (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood)Phrases "Ariel's Song" "Full fathom five" "Sea change" "What's past is prologue"Sculpture The Tempest (1966) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Twelfth NightCharacters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek FesteOn display screen 1933 1955 1966 (TV) 1970 (TV) 1980 (TV) 1986 1988 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996Musical Your Own Thing (1968) Music Is (1976) Play On! (1997) Illyria (2004) All Shook Up (2004)Adaptations Kanniyin Kathali (1949) Just One of the Guys (1985) Motocrossed (2001) She's the Man (2006) Dil Bole Hadippa! (2009)Opera Viola (unfinished) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Two Gentlemen of VeronaCharacters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed CrabSources The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de los angeles Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580)Theatrical diversifications Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971)Screen adaptations A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983)Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper "An Sylvia" (1826) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Two Noble KinsmenCharacters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell TimothySources "The Knight's Tale" The Canterbury TalesRelated Shakespeare apocrypha Shakespeare's overdue romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Winter's TaleCharacters Leontes Perdita FlorizelSources The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (c.1580) Pandosto (1588) Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611)Adaptations The Winter's Tale (1910) The Winter's Tale (1967) The Winter's Tale (1981) "The Winter's Tale" (1994)Stage works Hermione (1872 opera) The Winter's Tale (2014 ballet) The Winter's Tale (2017 opera) Shakespearean historical past vteWilliam Shakespeare's King JohnCharacters King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf HubertSources Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Troublesome Reign of King John (c.1589)Adaptations King John (1899) Said-e-Hawas (1908) Said-e-Havas (1936) The Life and Death of King John (1984; TV)Related King Johan Cultural depictions of John, King of England Anglo-French War (1213–1214) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Edward IIICharactersEnglish Edward III Queen Philippa Edward the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord MontfortFrench King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of BohemiaScottish King David of Scotland Sir William DouglasSources Froissart's Chronicles (c.1370) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)Related Shakespeare apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers vteWilliam Shakespeare's Henriad Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry VCharacters and occasionsRichard II Richard II Henry Bolingbroke Duke of York Earl of Northumberland Duke of Aumerle John of Gaunt Queen (unnamed composite of Anne of Bohemia and Isabella of Valois) Henry 'Hotspur' Percy Duchess of York (unnamed composite of Infanta Isabella of Castile and Joan Holland) Duchess of Gloucester Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk Bishop of Carlisle Duke of Surrey Bushy Bagot Green Lord Ross Earl of Salisbury Lord Berkeley1 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Henry 'Hotspur' Percy Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Mistress Quickly Bardolph Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester Earl of Douglas Sir Walter Blunt Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland Lady Percy Earl of Westmorland Owen Glendower Edmund Mortimer Lady Mortimer Owen Glendower Archbishop of York John, Duke of Bedford Battle of Humbleton Hill Battle of Shrewsbury2 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Ancient Pistol Bardolph Mistress Quickly Doll Tearsheet Robert Shallow Earl of Westmorland Archbishop of York John, Duke of Bedford Earl of Warwick Lord Chief Justice Lord Bardolf Earl of Northumberland Lord Mowbray Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Thomas, Duke of Clarence Earl of Surrey HearsayHenry V Henry V King of France Louis the Dauphin Fluellen Ancient Pistol Mistress Quickly Bardolph Corporal Nym Katharine Constable of France Chorus Duke of Exeter John, Duke of Bedford Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Thomas, Duke of Clarence Earl of Westmorland Duke of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Duke of Bourbon Archbishop of Canterbury Bishop of Ely Queen Isabel Earl of Cambridge Lord Scroop Sir Thomas Grey Michael Williams Sir Thomas Erpingham Duke of Berry Battle of AgincourtOn screenRichard II King Richard II (1954; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1978; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown: Richard II (2012; TV)1 Henry IV An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The First Part of King Henry the Fourth, with the lifestyles and demise of Henry surnamed Hotspur (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) The King (2019)2 Henry IV An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) The King (2019)Henry V Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The Life of Henry the Fift (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown: Henry V (2012) The King (2019)Sources Holinshed's Chronicles The Famous Victories of Henry V (c.1585) Thomas of Woodstock/Richard the Second, Part One (c.1593)Related plays The Merry Wives of Windsor (c.1597) Sir John Oldcastle (1599) Falstaff's Wedding (1760)Related song Falstaff (1913) At the Boar's Head (1925) Suite from Henry V (1963)Historical context Hundred Years' War Wars of the Roses Divine right of kings Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex John Oldcastle vteWilliam Shakespeare's first ancient tetralogy Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard IIICharactersand events1 Henry VI Henry VI Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Duke of Exeter Lord Talbot Duke of Bedford Richard, Duke of York Bishop of Winchester Earl of Suffolk Duke of Somerset (conflation of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset) Earl of Warwick Earl of Salisbury John Talbot Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of Sir Edmund Mortimer and Edmund Mortimer, fifth Earl of March) Sir John Fastolf Charles the Dauphin Joan l. a. Pucelle Margaret of Anjou Reignier, Duke of Anjou Duke of Alençon Bastard of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Jacques d'Arc Siege of Orléans Battle of Patay2 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Richard, Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Cardinal of Winchester Duke of Suffolk Duke of Buckingham Jack Cade Duke of Somerset (conflation of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset) Duchess of Gloucester Edward Plantagenet Richard Plantagenet Lord Clifford Young Clifford Margery Jourdayne Lord Saye Lord Scales First Battle of St Albans Peasants' Revolt3 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Richard, Duke of York Earl of Warwick Edward IV Richard, Duke of Gloucester George, Duke of Clarence Edward, Prince of Wales Lord Clifford Lady Grey Montague Earl of Oxford Duke of Somerset (conflation of Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset) Lord Hastings Sir William Stanley Earl of Northumberland Duke of Exeter Duke of Norfolk Earl of Westmorland Lord Rivers Edmund, Earl of Rutland Henry, Earl of Richmond Louis XI of France Bona of Savoy Prince Edward Earl of Pembroke Lord Stafford Lord Bourbon Battle of Towton Battle of Barnet Battle of Wakefield Second Battle of St Albans Battle of TewkesburyRichard III Richard III Duke of Buckingham Queen Elizabeth Duchess of York Queen Margaret Lady Neville George, Duke of Clarence Edward IV Lord Hastings Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond Sir William Catesby Sir Richard Ratcliffe Lord Rivers Marquis of Dorset Sir James Tyrrell Lord Richard Grey Prince Edward Richard, Duke of York Earl of Warwick Countess of Salisbury Duke of Norfolk Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of York Earl of Surrey Sir Thomas Vaughan Sir Christopher Robert Brackenbury Lord Lovel Ghost of Henry VI Ghost of Edward, Prince of Wales Lord Mayor of London Earl of Oxford Sir James Blunt Sir William Brandon Bishop of Ely Sheriff of Wiltshire Wars of the Roses Princes in the Tower Battle of Bosworth FieldOn screen1 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The First Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry VI, Part 1 (2016; TV)2 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Second Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry VI, Part 1 & Henry VI, Part 2 (2016; TV)3 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Third Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry VI, Part 2 (2016; TV)Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Tragedy of Richard III (1983; TV) "The Foretelling" (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2007) The Hollow Crown: Richard III (2016; TV)Sources The Mirror for Magistrates (1559) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Richardus Tertius (1580) The Spanish Tragedy The True Tragedy of Richard III (c.1590)Historical context Hundred Years' War Wars of the Roses House of Plantagenet House of York House of LancasterRelated "Even a worm will turn" The Tragical History of King Richard the Third (1699) David Garrick as Richard III (1745) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Henry VIIICharacters Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamberlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King-of-ArmsSources Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe (1558) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)Adaptations Henry VIII (1911) The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (1979)Related John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Globe Theatre Category vteShakespeare's sonnets"Fair Youth" sonnetsProcreation sonnets 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77Rival Poet sonnets 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125"Envoy" 126"Dark Lady" sonnets 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152"Anacreontics" 153 154 vtePortraits, sculptures and memorials to William ShakespearePortraits Chandos portrait Droeshout portraitDisputed Ashbourne portrait Cobbe portrait Flower portrait Sanders portrait Sculptures Shakespeare's funerary monument Heminges and Condell MemorialStatues Central Park, New York Leicester Square, London British Library Memorials Boydell Shakespeare Gallery Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare vteThe "Beaumont and Fletcher" Canon Francis Beaumont John Fletcher Philip MassingerNathan Field William Shakespeare James Shirley Thomas Middleton William Rowley John Ford Ben Jonson George Chapman John WebsterPlays(someattributionsconjectural)Beaumont The Knight of the Burning Pestle The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's InnBeaumontand Fletcher The Woman Hater Cupid's Revenge The Coxcomb Philaster The Captain The Maid's Tragedy A King and No King Love's Pilgrimage The Scornful Lady The Noble GentlemanFletcher The Faithful Shepherdess The Woman's Prize Valentinian Bonduca Monsieur Thomas The Mad Lover The Chances The Loyal Subject Women Pleased The Humorous Lieutenant The Island Princess The Pilgrim The Wild Goose Chase A Wife for a Month Rule a Wife and Have a WifeFletcher andMassinger †Barnavelt The Little French Lawyer The False One The Double Marriage The Custom of the Country The Lovers' Progress The Spanish Curate The Prophetess The Sea Voyage The Elder Brother †A Very WomanFletcherand others with Beaumont & Massinger Thierry and Theodoret Beggars' Bush Love's Cure with Massinger & Field The Honest Man's Fortune The Queen of Corinth The Knight of Malta with Field Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One with Shakespeare †Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen with Shirley The Night Walker Wit Without Money with Rowley The Maid in the Mill with Massinger, Chapman & Jonson Rollo, Duke of Normandy with Massinger, Ford & Webster The Fair Maid of the InnOthers The Nice Valour (Middleton) Wit at Several Weapons (Middleton & Rowley) The Laws of Candy (Ford) The Coronation (Shirley)Performanceand e-newsletter English Renaissance theatre King's Men Beaumont and Fletcher folios Humphrey Moseley Humphrey RobinsonRelated †The History of Cardenio (Shakespeare & Fletcher?) †Double Falsehood (perhaps according to Cardenio)† = Not printed within the Beaumont and Fletcher folios Authority control BIBSYS: 90052737 BNC: 000035299 BNE: XX1020842 BNF: cb119246079 (knowledge) CANTIC: a10429979 CiNii: DA00034374 GND: 118613723 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV[scrape_url:1]{title}
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[/scrape_url]0356 ISNI: 0000 0001 2103 2683 LCCN: n78095332 LNB: 000008355 MBA: a4ba11db-ae2b-4ec3-9084-2136db11acfa NDL: 00456207 NKC: jn19981002129 NLA: 35491939 NLG: 60570 NLI: 000120869 NLK: KAC200000024 NLP: A11579006 NLR: [1] NSK: 000000362 NTA: 068478445 PLWABN: 9810578162205606 RERO: 02-A000148730, 02-A010149942 RSL: 000080803 SELIBR: 198702 SNAC: w6qk86d3 SUDOC: 027136086 TePapa: 34831 Trove: 972490 ULAN: 500272240 VcBA: 495/76251 VIAF: 96994048 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n78-95332Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Shakespeare&oldid=1015923650"
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